Vitalik Buterin unveils Ethereum roadmap to counter quantum computing threat

• Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin outlined a roadmap to protect the blockchain from the long-term risks posed by quantum computers.
• Although practical quantum computers capable of breaking modern cryptography do not yet exist, they could one day crack the digital signatures and cryptographic systems that secure Ethereum.

Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin outlined a roadmap on Thursday to protect the blockchain from the long-term risks posed by quantum computers — a move that comes shortly after the Ethereum Foundation established a dedicated post-quantum research team to study the issue.

Although practical quantum computers capable of breaking modern cryptography do not yet exist, they could one day crack the digital signatures and cryptographic systems that secure Ethereum.

In a post on X, Buterin identified four key areas of vulnerability: validator signatures used in consensus, Ethereum’s data availability system, everyday wallet signatures, and certain zero-knowledge proofs used by applications and layer-2 networks.

A big part of the plan involves changing how Ethereum’s validators sign and confirm blocks. Right now, they use a type of digital signature called BLS. In a world with powerful quantum computers, those signatures could eventually be broken. Buterin suggests switching to “hash-based” signatures, which are considered much safer against quantum attacks.

Another area that would need updating is how Ethereum checks and stores large batches of transaction data. The system it uses today relies on a cryptographic tool called KZG commitments. Replacing that with a quantum-safe alternative is possible, Buterin said, but it would require significant behind-the-scenes engineering work and could make some parts of the system more complicated.

For everyday users, the proposed fix revolves around a planned upgrade called EIP-8141. In simple terms, this upgrade would make Ethereum wallets more flexible. Today, most wallets rely on one standard type of digital signature to approve transactions. EIP-8141 would allow accounts to switch to different types of signatures in the future — including ones designed to be safe against quantum computers.

There’s a similar issue with zero-knowledge proofs, a type of advanced cryptography used by privacy tools and many layer-2 scaling networks. Quantum-safe versions of these proofs are currently far more expensive to verify on Ethereum.

Buterin pointed to a longer-term solution built into EIP-8141 known as “validation frames.” These would allow the network to bundle together many signatures and proofs and replace them with a single combined proof. Instead of checking each one individually on the blockchain, Ethereum would only need to verify one compressed proof, helping keep costs down.

Read more: Quantum threat gets real: Ethereum Foundation prioritizes security with leanVM and PQ signatures

• Grayscale’s Zach Pandl said AI and blockchains are fundamentally complementary, even as crypto has sold off alongside software stocks amid AI-driven market volatility.
• Pandl argued blockchains could become the financial rails for AI agents, enabling wallet-based, 24/7 global transactions.
• He also said blockchains may help address AI risks such as deepfakes and centralized control.

Disclosure & Polices: CoinDesk is an award-winning media outlet that covers the cryptocurrency industry. Its journalists abide by a strict set of editorial policies. CoinDesk has adopted a set of principles aimed at ensuring the integrity, editorial independence and freedom from bias of its publications. CoinDesk is part of Bullish (NYSE:BLSH), an institutionally focused global digital asset platform that provides market infrastructure and information services. Bullish owns and invests in digital asset businesses and digital assets and CoinDesk employees, including journalists, may receive Bullish equity-based compensation.