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Nanocrystal-tailored recombination for all-perovskite tandem solar modules

Abstract

The commercialization of all-perovskite tandem solar modules is hindered by the reliance on the conventional gold-based tunnel recombination junction (TRJ)1,2. Specifically, this TRJ introduces substantial near-infrared parasitic absorption3 and suffers from interfacial instability4, limiting both photocurrent generation and operational durability. Here, we develop a solution-processed interconnecting layer based on surface-engineered indium oxide (In2O3) nanocrystals featuring high optical transparency, wherein controlled nanocrystal morphology and tailored ligand chemistry enable smooth interfacial contact and favorable energy level alignment. Critically, we introduce a phosphonic acid additive into the lead–tin (Pb–Sn) perovskite precursor, which synergistically improves the electronic contact with the In2O3 recombination layer, thereby enhancing hole extraction. In addition, the additive regulates perovskite crystallization to mitigate residual strain during film formation, ensuring high-quality large-area deposits. This coordinated interfacial and crystallization engineering strategy simultaneously enhances carrier recombination efficiency at the interconnection layer, improves carrier extraction, and promotes large-area film uniformity in all-perovskite tandems. As a result, a 65-cm2 all-perovskite tandem solar module achieves a certified power conversion efficiency of 26.2%5, with an open-circuit voltage of 2.182 V, a fill factor of 77.4%, and a short-circuit current density of 15.6 mA cm-2 in terms of averaged subcell performance, measured by Japan Electrical Safety and Environment Technology Laboratories (JET). This marks a significant advance toward scalable perovskite tandem photovoltaics.

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Author information

Author notes

  1. These authors contributed equally: Ke Xiao, Hongfei Sun, Xinke Kong, Han Gao

Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China

    Ke Xiao, Hongfei Sun, Han Gao, Dongdong Xu, Renxing Lin, Runnan Liu & Hairen Tan

  2. Research and Development (R&D) Center, Renshine Solar (Suzhou) Co., Ltd, Suzhou, China

    Ke Xiao, Ye Liu, Xin Luo & Hairen Tan

  3. School of Advanced Manufacturing Engineering, Nanjing University, Suzhou, China

    Ke Xiao

  4. State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China

    Xinke Kong, Siyu Xia, Jin Xie & Yuanyuan Wang

  5. Innovation Laboratory of Terahertz Biophysics, National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, Beijing, China

    Jing Lou & Chao Chang

  6. i-Lab & Printable Electronics Research Center, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China

    Xingze Chen & Changqi Ma

  7. School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China

    Zimo Hu & Fengjia Fan

  8. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, China

    Siyu Xia & Jin Xie

  9. National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Physical Science Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China

    Hairen Tan

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